Deterrence Does Not Work Essay - 1673 Words

In this essay, I am going to discuss what some of the ideas are when it comes thinking as to why deterrence does not work, which could be that the harsher the crime, the harsher the punishment for many of the crimes committed. It could mean that it does not work because the offender maybe becomes aware of the punishment. However, it could be because of the notion of impulsivity which connected and is almost everywhere within a society where there has been a connection to the idea of rational choices, which has a role when it comes to the way people have been thinking about committing the crime of any shape or form. However, there have been many reasons why it doesn’t work, because the offenders come from many different walks of life within a society. Therefore, the kind of crimes that have been done, which can then have associated with rational choices, which have people are connected to in society. Firstly, when it comes to the association that many of the would-be offenders that are committing the crimes may have many kinds of thought of how they are offending, which could be illegal or legal. It could be why they have offended or are thinking about offending. Whereas there could be many hindrances that are connected, which have been associated with the choices many people are making in term of their mental capacity and the sociological aspects have also then been connected to the way they have committed the crimes such as burglary or petty crimes. It also could beShow MoreRelatedDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone ’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence is used to punishRead MoreIs Deterrence Effective And Efficient?1719 Words   |  7 PagesIs Deterrence Effective and Efficient? Joshua A. Barlow Anderson University Abstract I will discuss the nuances of the deterrence theory and whether or not it’s a viable form of preventing crime. The reason we have laws and punishments is to deter people from committing crimes. Deterrence is an inherent concept within criminal law. Many believe that people will commit crimes regardless of deterrence and therefore efforts to deter are in vein. I will delve into Cesare Beccaria’sRead MoreTheories of Deterrence in International Crisis1812 Words   |  7 PagesThe articles for the week looked at theories of deterrence in international crisis in general and the various shades of it in particular. Schelling’s argument, based on classical deterrence theory is that by using manipulative strategies, a nation’s threat will be assumed credible even if the state does not intend to resist. Danilovic on the other hand argued that regional stakes are more important than a refinement of manipulative strategies or state capabilities. According to him, in herent credibilityRead MoreJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words   |  5 PagesRetribution assigns a punishment that is appropriate to the crime, which is ideal in punishing criminals whereas general deterrence works to persuade society to obey the law, and specific deterrence work. From the variety of utilitarian justifications of punishment, retribution is the most convincing as its theoretical goals are sustained through societies, whereas general and specific deterrence cannot be justified on their own, as they do not match with retribution. For retributionists, punishment is backwardRead MoreDeterrence Is The Primary Source When Defining Criminal Law1549 Words   |  7 PagesDeterrence is the primary source when defining criminal law. According to dictionary.com deterrence â€Å"is a law that was passed that includes the breakdown of punishments and uses then as fear tactics; to disappoint individual criminal defendants from becoming reappearance offenders and to discourage others in society from engaging in similar criminal activity.’ (Dictionary 1). Deterrence work in two ways; large population and the punishment of wrongdoers. Deterrence is aimed at the individual; onceRead MoreThe Deterrence Of A Crime1573 Words   |  7 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The deterrence theory is no longer effective in deterring future or repeat criminals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The old way of doing business as usual has become costly across the board on the local, state, and Federal levels†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Research proving deterrence no longer works†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 How governmentsRead MoreSanctions, Perceptions, And Crime852 Words   |  4 PagesSANCTIONS, PERCEPTIONS, AND CRIME HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT CRIMINAL DETERRENCE According to the journal article, How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence? The concept of deterrence is simple: â€Å"it is the omission of a criminal act because of the fear of sanctions or punishments. Deterrence is an important foundation of the criminal justice system. Law enforcement is there to apprehend those that break the law, and to convince the public that there is a risk of apprehensionRead MoreNuclear Weapons and Their Importance to Modern Defense Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthey only understand force. Nuclear threats remain in the post-cold war world, and despite any moral quandary, the only action available to the United States is to maintain its nuclear arsenal and continue to rely on its policy of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear deterrence is the only way to protect America from foreign threat. North Korea, a crumbling nation kept in constant poverty and famine by the ineptness of its leadership, a nation that retains its status via constant threat s of nuclear attack. IranRead MoreHarsher Sentencing Policies And More Punitive Laws1249 Words   |  5 Pagesis concerned. Incarceration and sentencing systems have conventionally been aimed at having varying goals including rehabilitation, incapacitation, punishment and deterrence. Recent decades have seen the enactment of sentencing policy initiatives with the aim of enhancing the criminal justice systems deterrent effect. The term deterrence underlines the discouragement of an individual from doing something for doubt or fear (Tonry 24). Casare Beccaria, the father of classical criminology, believedRead MoreDeterrence Theory And The Criminal Justice Field Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Deterrence can be defined as an act of threat to prevent another party from certain actions. Deterrence theory is based upon a belief that citizens choose to obey or violate the law after determining the advantages and disadvantages of their actions (Paternoster, 2010). Deterrence, in the criminal justice field, dissuades individuals from criminal activity and from continuing to live a life of crime after committing the first criminal like act (Dutton, 2014). Law enforcement provides

Arguments For and Against Censorship Essay - 1044 Words

Introduction Censorship is defined by Caso as the suppression of speech or any other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive politically incorrect as determined by the government or any other control body (3). Censorship may be justified from the conservative view whereby the free speech can be maltreated where it undermines the customary principles and communal solidity as withheld by a particular community. Arguments for censorship One of the arguments for the censorship of virtual arts according to Galsworthy is to protect children from thoughts that may harm their ethical growth (12). Parents have a sole responsibility of educating their children even before the onset of the formal education.†¦show more content†¦Censorship is very important in maintaining government authority which helps in stabilizing the society. The society enjoys freedoms, rights and privileges due to the stability of the ruling body. Without this stability, the society would lapse in to a condition of scenery where the lives would be solitary, poor, and brutal and short as put by Thomas Hobbes (Merryman Elsen 564). The stability of the government and society is always assumed to exist without understanding the causes of this stability. The exposure of the social upheavals poses a great threat to destabilizing the government through free speeches from the opposition and parties. Since the criminalization of homosexuality in so me African states, there have been free speeches that have posed threats to the individual government from the west that require to be concealed before being released to the public because they may spark hatred and distrust. Some of the expressions which are offensive attack the traditional values of the society and are considered harmful (Caso 13). Censorship helps to protect these values from attack. Arguments Against censorship Censorship of free speech denies the individual democratic rights by silencing and filtering some important ideas in the favor of others. In this case the censored information defends the majority in power which often results in oligarchy. For democracy to work properlyShow MoreRelatedMedia Censorship1427 Words   |  6 PagesApril 30, 2011 Media Censorship in the United States Censorship has existed for longer than we could ever imagine. One of the first acts of state sponsored censorship occurred in 399 B.C. when Socrates, was executed for the â€Å"supposed common good of the people† (Guarding Public Morality, 2010, p.1). Socrates was a teacher and a philosopher in ancient Greece. His teaching methods were controversial for the time, and he was charged with corrupting the youth and drawing them away from the GreekRead More Cyberspace Hate Propaganda and Internet Censorship Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesCyberhate - Hate Propaganda and Internet Censorship The Internet is an ideal medium for hate groups, such as neo-Nazis, because of the mass exposure, inexpensiveness, uncensored nature and ease of publishing offered. The Internet allows hate groups to target a broad audience: impressionable children are the most vulnerable. Attempts at censorship fail because of the international nature of the Internet, and to a lesser extent, free speech contentions. Instead, the freedom of speech exercisedRead MoreUU114 Assign 1 Essay Writting1536 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefits and drawbacks for censorship for a society Discussion essay – Block pattern Title: Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks for censorship for a society C: Censorship L: benefits, drawbacks and Society D: Evaluate Introduction Context: Social issues Subject: Censorship Limited subject: benefits, drawbacks and society Issue: Censorship can have shortcomings but at the same time it is beneficial under some circumstances Thesis statement: Despite the fact that censorship is seems socially beneficialRead MoreCensorship Is Bad For The Modern World876 Words   |  4 Pages WHY CENSORSHIP IS BAD Censorship refers to the regulation of freedom of expression or any other information that may be sensitive or morally inaccurate to the people. This information can be considered immoral or politically inconvenient by religious groups, the government, ethnic communities and media outlets. Censorship originates back in ancient times in many different countries such as Rome and China. Censorship was mainly used for political, social and religiousRead MoreBanning Books in Schools Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThe practice of the censorship of books in schools has been prevalent due to the explicit content of them. Parents have been complaining to schools about books that count as required reading because they disapprove with the points made in the book. If a book consists of offensive or sexually explicit material, then parents would challenge the schools about them in order to prevent their children from reading them. Censorship in general has been an intensely debated issue because it is consideredRead MoreThe Debate About Censorship1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate about Censorship Censorship, the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society, has been a characteristic of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. There have been assorted justifications for censorship, with some censorsRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 PagesKevin Ung Professor Vazquez English 101 October 9, 2007 Music Censorship I enjoy and love music very much. I feel that music artists should have the right to freely express their work and I feel that I should argue about the censorship attacks on these artists. I’m tired of listening to a good song on the radio with some of the words censored. It ruins the song and I can’t stand it. Some people think that rap is a bad influence and causes the young to behave badly. But I think all this censoringRead MoreIs Censorship By Government Justified?1497 Words   |  6 Pages1104 28 April 2015 Is censorship by government justified? Censorship has been broadly connected with the media from last couple of decades. These subject is all that much dubious and present in every single key zone of public expression, which commonly go under the civil argument from every community throughout the world. There are numerous articles composed on the subject of censorship and we will talk about the contentions in distinctive articles and its dependability. Censorship, the concealment ofRead MoreEssay about School Censorship is Detrimental to Education1519 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Censorship is Detrimental to Education       Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they are all great American authors, but there is something else. They are all banned. Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a book by at least one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be crucial parts of the high school curriculum. School censorship of books is detrimental to the educational development of highRead MoreCensorship Critique Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesJulia Else-Green Eng 103 DE2 October 11, 2008 Critique of â€Å"Censorship: A Personal View† In her essay, â€Å"Censorship: A Personal View† Judy Blume gives readers insight on the impact of censorship based on her personal experiences as a young reader and then later in life as a censored writer. She provides numerous examples of educators who were affected by censorship and chose to take a stand against it (345). Although the piece lacks evidentiary support for these accounts, and draws on sarcasm

The Kite Runner Journal Responses Free Essays

Journal Responses 11/2/12 The passage â€Å"†¦ they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my father’s estate† uses a key word in the phrase, â€Å"estate†. Some synonyms of the word estate are; land, park, parkland, manor. The connotation we could make is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassan’s family a rich outlook on what they are compared to other families in afghan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kite Runner Journal Responses or any similar topic only for you Order Now The passage â€Å"†¦ a new and affluent neighborhood in the northern part of Kabul. Some thought it was the prettiest house in all of Kabul. Can present how Amir and his father are very proud of themselves. The author wanted to show that Amir and his father were one of the richer and wealthier in the city. He may also wanted to show that they stand out from the rest of the people of the city. Therefore Amir and his Father are characterized as the upper class of Kabul. â€Å"you! The hazara! † what I further remember from the movie afghan star is that all the ethnic groups were fighting back where they were from. But all of the 4 different ethnics singing it had seemed to bring them together in a sense of unity. Yes, The Hazaras are disrespected more than the other ethnic groups. This is almost like them picking on the most weakest person which in this case is hazara. The passage â€Å"†¦ they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my father’s estate† uses a key word in the phrase, â€Å"estate†. Some synonyms of the word estate are; land, park, parkland, manor. The connotation we could make is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassan’s family a rich outlook on what they are compared to other families in afghan. Eric Richardson Ms. Pierce Journal Responses 11/2/12 Chapter four response. Why doesn’t Amir accept Hassan as a good friend? What doesn’t make sense to me is why does Hassan do all this stiff for Amir and not get anything in return even tho he is always there for him. For example when Hassan read Amir a story then he asked a question, when Amir was thinking about something mean to say about Hassan being a hazara. Amir doesn’t seem to have respect for anyone and I think it will come back to haunt him. How to cite The Kite Runner Journal Responses, Essay examples

Dominate Cultural Patterns of Switzerland Essay Example For Students

Dominate Cultural Patterns of Switzerland Essay Interpersonal Relations/CommunicationsDominant Cultural Patterns in the United States as Compared and Contrasted to Dominant Cultural Patterns in SwitzerlandSwitzerland is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe. The Alps cover more than half of the country. It is a small country of 15,942 square miles. The country can be geographically divided into 3 areas: the Alps, the Mittleland (plateau), and the Jura mountains. The population of Switzerland is about 7.3 million, with the majority of the population living in the Mittleland area. Switzerland is a melting pot of different ethnic groups-Germans, French, Italians, and Romansch. About 6% of the people who live in Switzerland have come from the Middle East, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, and other countries. Most of them are guest workers and do not have Swiss citizenship (Culturgram 277). Due to the diversity of cultures, Switzerland has four official languages-German, French, Italian. and Romansch. Romansch is spoken by 1% of the population. Switzerland is one of the worlds oldest democracies. The founding of the Swiss Confederation took place on August 1, 1291. Switzerland became a neutral country in 1815, making it illegal for the Swiss federal government to enter into political alliances or to make war except for in self-defense. The country is divided into 26 states. These states are known as cantons. Political powers are divided between the federal government and the cantons (state) government. The citizens enjoy close control over the laws of the cantons, as well as the federal government. Referendums allow people to demand popular vote. Initiatives give the citizens the right to bring specific issues before the people to vote upon. Now that you have a brief overview of Switzerland, we can successfully compare and contrast this country to the United States. Not just socially, or economically, for the reason behind this paper is to compare and contrast the dominant cultural patterns of the United States (individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology -progress and change, activity and work) to the dominant cultural patterns of Switzerland. When comparing and contrasting the dominant cultural pattern of individualism I find that Switzerland obtains this cultural pattern. We as Americans are strong in our opinions, and are, at times, thought to be arrogant. The Swiss are more thoughtful and create a community of trust and loyalty. Like each state in the United States, the Swiss cantons have their own constitution, legislative, executive, and judiciary branch. Patriotism and loyalty are established by military service. According to the reference book, Culturgram, every physically fit male serves in the Swiss Army. They train on occasion and keep their gun and uniform at home-always ready to form a militia to defend the country(278). When comparing and contrasting equality between the two countries, the citizens of both the United States and Switzerland consider themselves equal. Both countries provide constitutions that guarantee freedoms and liberties for their citizens. Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the first amendant of the constitution in the United States. In 1973, a referendum repealed articles of the constitution of Switzerland that were responsible for banning the Jesuit order and the founding of new religions houses, guaranteeing freedom of worship (Bram 65). When comparing and contrasting the dominant cultural pattern of materialism, I can only infer that the Swiss citizens enjoy creature comforts just as much as the citizens of the United States. The Swiss are known to be conservative and value thrift. The United States is credit orientated. We seem to be evolving around the idea of power, wealth, and greed. We surround ourselves with lavish, extravagant things, and worry about property and status. When comparing and contrasting science and technology, the results are also similar. .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .postImageUrl , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:hover , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:visited , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:active { border:0!important; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:active , .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93 .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb2453a08703584387177ffb579f0c93:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Advantages And Disadvantages Of Globalization EssayThe United States is currently in the age of computers. We take pride in our education, and colleges, and put much faith into the stock market, space, and industry. We as Americans are inventors, clever, and we plan for the future. According to Philip W. Goetz, The chemical-pharmaceutical industry of Switzerland is a prime competitor in world trade. The chemical industry alone spends great sums on research, and many other industries also collaborate with the countrys universities and with the Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich and Lausanne (359). The dominant cultural pattern of activities and work in the United States and Switzerland are also similar. The mountains in Switzerland create a playground for activities such as skiing, bobsledding, camping, hiking, climbing, boating and swimming. We as Americans enjoy many different forms of play. There is a great demand for amusement parks, sporting events, art, music, hobbies, and food. We enjoy spending time with family and friends, indoors as well as outdoors. Switzerland is considered to be an industrial nation, as is the United States. The Swiss are known for their craftsmanship and take pride in their work. Manufacturing includes the production of various precision instruments, watches, machine tools, textiles, and chemicals. In conclusion, I have decided that the United States and Switzerland are similar in many ways. Our social and political systems are similar. Both of these countries are innovative, industrious, prosperous, and value freedom and independence. Works CitedSwitzerland. Culturgram 2000, Ed. Grant P. Skabelund. 2 vols. Brigham Young Universityand eMSTAR, Inc. USA, 1999 Switzerland. Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, Ed. Leon. L Bram. 29 vols. United Statesof America: Rand McNally Company, 1986Switzerland. New Enc

Riverside leisure Centre Essay Example

Riverside leisure Centre Paper Riverside Leisure Centre is situated in Chelmsford, Essex and is owned by Chelmsford Borough Council. They have had only one reported unauthorised entry to the complex in the last five years. The complex contains three swimming pools, an outdoor, heated indoor and a toddler indoor. It also has a Techno gym, ice rink, sports hall, licensed bar and a childrens indoor play area. Due to the wide range of activities available, Riverside has a lot of visitors to its complex. The bigger the crowds attracted, the bigger the risk of the security of customers and employees data being misused by unauthorised members of the public. This therefore calls for a good quality security system, both physically and via software. Having analysed the security systems at Riverside, with the help of answered questionnaires from the centres management and from sketches of the leisure centre itself, I have noticed that there is a good quality system in use here. In this case study I will explain the methods, advantages and disadvantages of the current system and make recommendations on how to make the leisure centre more secure. Software Security Of Riverside Passwords Riverside uses a password log on system on all computers within the centre. Each employee has its own username and password to log on to the computer, which holds data. This makes it impossible for intruders to log on to the computer without having access to an employees user name and password. This is useful because it prevents unauthorised access but also allows management to pinpoint who has been on the computers at any one time. If an employee told an unauthorised person their username and password and that person obtained data from the computer, management could see exactly which employee had loaned their username/password and deal with them appropriately. We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Riverside also operates a hierarchy system when using passwords to access data. If the system holds some high security data the system is able to block certain users (even authorised system users) from accessing it. This means that management get to see high security data exclusively and therefore reducing the risk of it falling it to the wrong hands. Policies of Shareware/Freeware Riverside does not download freeware or shareware from the Internet as it recognises the dangers of hidden viruses in the attachments and programs themselves. These programs are often not certified and therefore if downloaded, crucial files may become corrupt as a result of a virus being let into the system this way. Data Protection Act Riverside also abides by the Data protection Act (1998 as amended). The Act is in place to protect the data held by the data user (in this case the data held will be addresses, bank details, fitness levels of customers and the data user will be Riverside). There are eight principles to the Data Protection Act, as was there in the 1984 version. The only difference between the 1984 version and the amended version of 1998 is that the 1998 version has been widened to include data that is stored on computers and can easily be transferred to another country by use of email. Principles of the Data Protection Act The following principles will apply to Riverside when it is using the data it has collected from customers. 1/Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully and at least one of the processing conditions is met, and in the case of processing the data must be processed fairly and lawfully and at least one of the conditions for processing sensitive personal data is met. The conditions for each of these categories would usually be that the subject has given consent. Personal data processing conditions: The subjects consent may not be required if the processing is to protect the subject as in the case of urgently retrieving a subjects medical record after a serious accident, or for the administration of justice, or to comply with legal obligations, or in the public interest. Processing conditions The subjects consent may not be required if: The Data Controller has legal obligations to process the subjects employee data  Ã‚  or if the data subject is unable to give consent, e. g. unconscious   In order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person   In a case where consent on or behalf of another person has been unreasonably withheld, e. g. parents religious beliefs preventing their childs right to hospital treatment and life.   Or where processing is necessary for legal reasons, e. g. obtaining legal advice, exercising or defending legal rights, for the administration of justice. Or   The processing is carried out as part of the lawful activities of any non-profit making political, philosophical, religious, or trade union organisation. The processing must safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subjects. It must be limited to members or persons in regular contact with the organisation and it must not disclose any personal data to others without the data subjects consent. Or the Secretary of State may specify cases where this condition is excluded or modified, e. g.   Where the processing is necessary for medical purposes. Where sensitive personal data is necessary for monitoring equal opportunities for people of different racial or ethnic origins and is carried out with the usual safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. 2/Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. There are two methods that a Data Controller may use to specify the purposes for which personal data are obtained: By informing the data subject or,By notifying the Data Protection Commissioner. This is in addition to notification (registration). All controllers must notify and pay the notification fee. 3/Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. This is similar to the 1984 Act fourth Principle but the new wider definition of processing is now applied. Organisations are required to state the purpose for which data is processed and cannot process it for any other purposes without further notification. A dating agency may collect and process data for the purpose of matching compatible people. They cannot then use that data to identify prospective punters for a sideline in cosmetic surgery, unless they notify the data subjects or the Commissioner of their intention. 4/Personal data shall be accurate and where necessary, kept up to date. Data Controllers must take reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the data. At school, students are frequently given their personal details to take home and check. They are given the opportunity to change any out of date or incorrect data. Other organisations carry out similar checks at regular intervals. This task costs the organisation money for clerical staff to print out the details, collect them in again and edit the records to bring them up-to-date but is necessary by law. 5/Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. Example: Data may be collected from applicants for a job. That data can only be stored for the period of assessment, interview and selection. After that it should be discarded. Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act. A data subject is entitled to make a written request to the data controller (accompanied by administration fee) and be given details of their data within 40 days. This will consist of: A description of their data, What it contains the purposes for which it is being processed, Why it is being processed people to whom it may be disclosed, Who is allowed to see it the name of the organisation that is actually carrying out the processing of their data. Which organisation will perform the processing? Data subjects have the right to have inaccurate data amended or deleted. They also have new rights of:   preventing processing that is likely to cause damage or distress and to sue for compensation if damage or distress has been caused.   they can prevent processing for direct marketing purposes, so anyone can stop the arrival of personalised junk mail by writing to the data controller. they are entitled to be informed of the logic used in automated decision making, e. g. obtaining a mortgage depending on a calculation involving salary, credit worthiness and other details. they have the right to ask the Commissioner to check whether certain processing of their data is being carried out unlawfully. 6/Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. Data must be kept private and secure. This means that the data controller must ensure that data is backup up regularly, virus checked, and restricted to named authorised persons by means of passwords or other means. Any data processors that a data controller may use for processing their data must be professional enough to guarantee the privacy and security of the data. It is also the data controllers responsibility to ensure that the data processor carries out the processing as specified according to an agreed contract. 7/Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area, unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The European Economic Area is currently the member countries of the EEC plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. There are certain circumstances where the Eighth Principle does not apply to a transfer of data. They are:   The data subject has given consent to the transfer   As part of a contract between the data subject and the data controller Or, the transfer is necessary In the conclusion of a contract between the data controller or is in the data subjects interest, or   Fo reasons of substantial public interest. The Secretary of State can order and explain such a transfer, or * For legal reasons, such as advice, legal proceedings or defending legal rights, or * The transfer is part of the personal data on a public register * The transfer has been authorised by the Commissioner and ensures adequate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. 8/ Personal data held for any purpose or purposes shall not be disclosed in any matter incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. (Principles obtained from www. the-data-protection-act. co. uk) The Data Protection Act gives us the right to access our own personal data that a company holds about us, and also gives us the right to correct it if its false. The right is also given to complain to the Data Protection Registrar if the data has been collected or used in any way that is disrespectful, unlawful or unfair. Registration The data user (in this case Riverside) must register the intended use, details of the personal data held, the ways in which it may be passed and to whom it may be passed and whether or not it may be transferred from country to country, if yes, which countries. This is filled in on the registration form given by the Data Registrar and is then sent off, along with a fee for registration (around i 70). This must be done before information is used because unlawful usage of data possesses a i 5000 fine in a magistrates court and an unlimited fine in a High court. If a person suffers due to unlawful usage of data they also can claim compensation from the company and the courts, adjusted with the severity of the case, decide this amount. Exemptions to the Registration There are exemptions from the registration. If the company/data user falls under one or more of the following categories then the registration is not applicable. 1/When your data is being used only in connection with personal, family or recreational use. 2/Where data is used only for the preparation of text documents. 3/Where the data is being used only for the calculation of wages and pensions, or for the production of accounts. 4/Where the data is used for the distribution of articles and information e. g. unsolicited mail (i. e. mail which advertises goods or a service you have not requested). 5/Where a sports club or a recreational club that is not a limited company holds the data. These exemptions include Riverside as they are a, sport or recreational club which is not a limited company. We know they are not a limited company as limited companies (both private and public) belong in the private sector. Riverside, however, is in the public sector as it is owned by a local government (Chelmsford Borough Council). This exempts them from having to register with the Data Registrar, however, they still must abide by the principles of the act to avoid prosecution. According to the questionnaire I carried out, all Riverside staff that have access to the data are fully educated on the principles of the Data Protection Act. Recommended software security measures that Riverside could operate in the future Firewalls Riverside could use firewalls when accessing the Internet. A firewall is a program that can be installed onto the system to protect itself against the user doing any damage to it. It restricts the user from entering parts of the system. These are particularly useful if the system has access to a dial up connection, either to access an e-mail provider or the Internet, as things can be downloaded and can cause havoc with the system if they contain a virus etc. Firewalls also can control incoming call IDs to the system and can block IDs if they dont fit into a pre-specified category, which prevents computer hackers from gaining access to the system. This controls, although doesnt block altogether, the threat of viruses and unauthorised access to the data. However, such a program does have one main disadvantage. Anti-virus Software Surprisingly, Riversides systems are not yet equipped with anti-virus software. This would be a good investment as a good quality program such as McAfee or Norton Anti-Virus can detect most known viruses and can delete them and clean the system in a matter of minutes. However, this kind of software is only worth investing in if time is taken by the user to run it regularly or set it into an automatic mode so it can detect the viruses. Encryption Riverside could also encrypt data that it passes through the Internet or their own Intranet or LAN. Encryption codes the data at the sending end so that if it is intercepted between its start off point and its destination no other person other than who it is intended for can read it. No one else can read it as only the data receiver has the decoder. Once the data receiver receives the encrypted data, it can be decoded by applying the decoder to the message and then it can be read normally. This prevents any unauthorised viewing and is a good way to make sure secure data does not fall into the wrong hands. The encrypter and the decoder are stored on the computers memory so they cannot be lost or forgotten. However, if the computer is stolen then the next user can carry on encrypting or decoding messages and this would prove not very secure. To overcome this problem you could either:   Make sure the computer is surrounded by physical security and therefore cannot be stolen. Or   Add a password to the encryption process so that the next user has to know the password to activate the encrypter or decoder. Back-Up Disks Another way to insure that the data on Riversides computer system is secure is to make back up disks of everything on the computer. This means if a virus distorts the data, the computer crashes, the disk that holds the data is lost, stolen or destroyed or if you even accidentally delete the document then there is always a back up at hand. To do this you simply save any important documents on a 3 1/2 floppy disk and keep in a safe place. Physical Security As well as protecting the data from potential viruses and unlawful use via software security, Riverside also realises it has to protect itself by physical use also. The following security measures are currently in operation at Riverside. Locks All rooms that contain computers are locked with pin code locks. If a wrong pin code is entered more than three times on the pad of these locks, the alarm is activated. The alarm will then alert the security guard on duty that an unauthorised person is trying to get into the computer room. All staff which need to know the pin code to access the computer have been told the in code but staff which do not use computers as part of their daily routine do not have access to the pin code. This is particularly useful as it deters unauthorised people from trying to break in if they know the alarm will be activated. Turnstiles At the Riverside entrance there is an obvious physical security measure as they have turnstiles so you can only get into the complex by the receptionist pressing a button to unlock the turnstile. This prevents anyone suspicious from getting into the complex and therefore reduces the risk of any harm coming to its customers and their computer systems. Uniforms. Also, staff in the complex wear uniform so they are easily recognisable from a member of the public. This means that if a member of the public is seen in a restricted access area they can easily be recognised from staff and therefore can be effectively removed before any damage is done. CCTV Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is also used on the premises. CCTV uses cameras around the complex (they are concealed in Riverside so potential intruders do not know where to find them) and these cameras are all linked back to a main control room. These rooms contain security workers scanning the images from all the cameras on the televisions on which they are shown for possible intruders. CCTV in Riverside has a main control room somewhere in the complex (for security reasons I couldnt find out where it was) and has 37 cameras around the complex. The cameras used in Riverside are moveable so the can turn and cover a much wider spectrum and therefore they are able to use one moveable camera to cover the space that three or perhaps four stationary cameras could cover. Therefore, moveable cameras are more cost effective than stationary ones. However, there are disadvantages to using this kind of camera- these are shown below.   If one breaks down then a wider space is not being covered. If a stationary one broke down then there would be only a little space that wouldnt be covered. Fireproof Doors and Gas looding Riverside also uses fireproof doors to prevent damage to the computer systems in case of a fire. These doors are made of metal with a high melting point so however hot the fire the door will not let the fire in. They also use a gas flooding system. If the fire alarm is activated (the fire alarm is run by a temperature sensitive sensor) then carbon dioxide gas is let out of air vents in the ceiling of the computer rooms as each temperature sensor goes off to warn about a fire. This facility is turned off for routine fire alarms and is only activated when the temperature is way above normal body heat so therefore can not be set off by a hot room. When surveying the site I noticed that there was only one entrance to the complex. This narrows down the ways that intruders can enter the building and also is more cost effective as they dont have to have security equipment anywhere else, as there are no other entrances. Also, when I walked around the outside of the complex I noticed that there is barbed wire at the top of all high walls around the complex so it would be difficult and painful, if not impossible to enter the building by climbing over the walls. Also, when I walked past the staff car park I noticed that all cars parked in there had the same badge in the windscreen, therefore it must be an access badge to park in the car park. Also, there is a kiosk with a barrier that is lowered whilst the security guard checks the windscreen badges and is only highered to let the car in when the guard has seen the security badge. Suggested Measures of Physical Security for Riverside As well as the impressive current physical security measures of Riverside they could also utilise the following measures to make sure their data stays secure. They could lock and bolt all computers to the desks so they cannot be forcefully taken from the desks. They could buy computer systems with removable hard drives (where all the data is stored) so that they can take the hard drives out of the system after use and lock them in a safe etc. This would mean if the computer systems were stolen then the data wouldnt be lost and it would not have fallen in to the wrong hands. More security alarms could be used. There is already a temperature sensor in case of a fire in operation but there is no movement sensor in case of a break in. These are not very expensive and can quickly alert the police of a break in. Security alarms could also be used on all emergency exits so that if they are opened with force the alarm will be triggered and the intruder will either be scared off or caught before any damage is done. They could also put a UV coding (a code which is not visible to the human eye but when it is scanned with Ultra violet light then the code can be read) on all hardware and peripheral devices. This ensures speedy return in the case of them being stolen and recovered by the police. Conclusion In conclusion, I have discovered that the physical security of Riverside is very good. They are currently utilising 10 out of 14 of the physical security measures I suggested and the statistic of only one unauthorised entry to the complex in five years (Chelmsford Borough Council 2001) proves that the measures are working as they should be. The following list shows the advantages of the current physical security system: * Secure * Some measures are inexpensive, such as high walls, barbed wire, barriers at car park and turnstiles at entrance etc. * Mostly manually operated or force operated. This is better than if it was automated because mistakes are rare and shifts are operated so workers are constantly awake and on the ball. To every good system there is a downside. Here is a list of disadvantages to the current physical security system. * The automatically operated systems such as CCTV or the alarms may be vandalised etc and this may stop them from working. * Some parts of the system are expensive such as CCTV, alarms and fireproof doors. CCTV is still cost effective as it used frequently but fireproof doors may never get to prove themselves, as fires are rare. However, the software security of Riverside is only average. It only operates 4 or the 8 software measures I suggested. There is one highlight of the software security system, this is that they abide by the Data Protection Act (1998) even though they are exempt by the rule that says, Where a sports club or a recreational club that is not a limited company holds the data. We already know that Riverside is run by the council and therefore is not a limited company so it exempt. However all employees have knowledge of the Data Protection Act and therefore are preventing themselves from getting persecuted. I did expect them to use virus protection on their computers and the fact that they didnt means that they were easily susceptible to viruses that would have distorted their data. I strongly recommend that they get an anti-virus program to protect themselves. The following is a list of the advantages to the software security system currently in operation at Riverside:   It is legal and understands the laws that are applicable to them and the use of the data that they possess.   The password system prevents any unauthorised access to the system unless one of the employees tells of their password. If an employee tells this, it is easy to pinpoint who has done it as their area password would have been used and it can be tracked. It recognises the use of freeware/shareware can be damaging to the system.   The hierarchy system only lets top management view the most secure documents.   Cost effective The system also has its downfalls; here is a list of the disadvantages to the system.   No virus scanner was in use, leaving them open to viruses transmitted from the Intranet, LAN or Internet No encryption of data was being used and therefore important data may be viewed by unauthorised people whilst in transit between destinations. Firewalls were not in operation therefore the door to untrained employees is left wide open to access potentially damaging parts of the computers hard drive or Internet.   Cost effective but not secure enough to prevent data being exposed. This concludes the case study on Riverside Ice and Leisure and its security systems. The recommendations for a new system are shown with the analysis of the systems and these may well be put into place by Riverside in the near future. The evidence I used to put together this case study is shown in appendices on the next page.

capital punishment on metal re essays

capital punishment on metal re essays As I read Atkins v. Virginia, I was easily reflected on my own experiences with family members and close friends, who suffer from mental impairments. The views and opinions of people vary from mild too extreme. First and far most we are constantly reminded of this by the media. In such case where the criminal is aware of their actions and the consequences tend to plea for insanity in lieu of a lighter sentence. However, we must not forget those who are truly classified as mentally retarded. According to the definition from the Individuals with Disability Education Act (IDEAS) and in the state of Virginia, psychological evaluation on an individual current level of functioning and met IQ requirements Substantially limited in present functioning that is characterized by significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following: applicable adaptive skills area; communication; self-care; home living; social skills; community use; self direction; health and safety; functional academics; leisure and work manifested before the age 18. www.co.henrico.va.us/mhmr. Mental retardation can under the law can only be considered by the approach of a realistic picture of the individual. It also recognizes that the picture can change. As the person grows and learns, his or her ability to get along in the world grows as well. The prosecution and trial of Capital defendants are notoriously flawed. These flaws are magnified when the defendant has mental retardation. Once the person is competent to stand trial, the mental retardation person is deemed capable of understanding the nature and purpose of the legal proceedings and of cooperating, communicating and working with defense counsel. Many people with retardation relinquish critical rights simply...

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM in Europe Essay

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM in Europe - Essay Example Cray& Mallory (1998) say it was a reaction against the more functional approach embodied in personnel management. Relative to this phenomenon is another growing trend which is globalization. Organizations and businesses have become global as a result of technological innovations, and the introduction of more development in communications and transportation. The internet and information technology have revolutionized the way organizations and businesses work. Globalization is not new. This has been with the world business and economy since the centuries after Columbus and da Gama started their voyages from the Mediterranean. Globalisation has revolutionized businesses and organisations. A commonly accepted definition of globalization by economists, says Van Der Bly (2005, p. 875), is that it is the â€Å"international economic integration that can be pursued through policies of ‘openness’, the liberalization of trade, investment and finance, leading to an ‘open economy.† The importance of borders between different countries is reduced, and similar events and phenomena in countries throughout the world are more easily linked. 1.) HRM is now considered the determinant factor in the success or failure in international business (Black et al., 1999, cited in Scullion & Paauwe, 2004), and also the success of global business depends most importantly on the quality of management in the MNC (Stroh and Caligiuri, 1998, cited in Scullion & Paauwe, 2004); â€Å"HRM emphasizes that employees are critical to achieving sustainable competitive advantage; that human resources practices need to be integrated with the corporate strategy, and that human resource specialists help organizational controllers to meet both efficiency and equity objectives† (Bratton, 1999, p. 11). One of the first explicit statements of the HRM concept was made by the Michigan School (Fombrun et al, 1984, cited in Armstrong, 2006, p. 4), which held that HR systems and the organization